Evolution of planographic method of printing in the history of graphic art

The article examines the evolution of flat printing techniques in the context of graphic art history. Beginning with the early developments in lithography in the 19th century, which opened new opportunities for artists, and ending with the digital influence in contemporary art printing, the paper analyzes how printing methods have transformed from traditional techniques to digital integration. Special attention is given to key stages of development such as the introduction of color lithography, the rise of offset printing, and the experiments of artists in the 20th century. The paper also explores the modern trends in which traditional methods are merged with digital tools to create new forms of artistic expression in graphic design. Lithography, as one of the earliest methods of flat printing, was first utilized for commercial purposes, such as creating posters for theater performances and advertisements. However, by the mid-19th century, it became evident that lithography offered more than just commercial use; it allowed for the production of artworks that could be reproduced multiple times, making graphic art more accessible. The innovation of color lithography expanded the possibilities further, allowing artists to produce multi-colored prints that had a vibrancy and detail that was previously unattainable with traditional methods.

With the rise of offset printing in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, lithography began to evolve into a more commercialized form, yet it still retained a significant presence in the art world. Offset printing, which uses an intermediary rubber blanket to transfer the ink from the printing plate to paper, revolutionized the printing industry. Its ability to produce high-quality prints at high speeds and with large volumes led to its widespread use in publishing, advertising, and other commercial sectors. Furthermore, it allowed for more precise and detailed reproduction of images, which contributed to the development of illustrated books and magazines.

The 20th century saw artists like Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse experimenting with lithography, pushing the boundaries of the technique beyond its traditional commercial uses. Artists began to embrace lithography as a tool for creative expression, producing unique prints that reflected modernist principles. These innovations in the use of lithography in the fine arts were also accompanied by the integration of new printing techniques, such as monotype and silkscreen, which added new dimensions to graphic art production.

As the digital revolution took hold in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, flat printing techniques began to evolve once again. Digital technologies, such as laser printers and computer graphics software, have drastically changed how artists and designers create and reproduce images. These technologies offer the ability to create highly detailed, customized prints without the need for traditional printing forms. Despite this shift, traditional printing techniques like lithography and offset printing have not disappeared. Instead, they have been integrated with digital methods, creating a hybrid approach that allows artists to combine the tactile qualities of traditional printing with the flexibility and precision of digital tools. In contemporary graphic art, lithography continues to play an important role, especially in limited-edition works, artist books, and special projects where artists can experiment with both traditional methods and modern technologies. Lithographic prints are valued for their unique texture and depth, which cannot be fully replicated by digital methods. Artists continue to explore the rich possibilities of combining traditional techniques with digital tools to create innovative designs that push the boundaries of printmaking.

In summary, this article traces the development of flat printing methods from their origins in the 19th century to their integration with digital technologies in the modern era. It highlights the continued relevance of lithography and offset printing in contemporary graphic art, as well as the ongoing experimentation by artists who seek to merge tradition and innovation in their creative practice. The article also emphasizes the importance of lithography in artistic books and authorial projects, demonstrating how traditional printmaking techniques have adapted to the digital age while retaining their artistic value.

Keywords: lithography, offset printing, planographic method of printing, graphic art, digital technologies, artist books, artistic projects, modernism, experiments, commercial printing.

doi: 10.32403/0554-4866-2024-2-88-149-158